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What Do Elders Do?

Editor's note: This is the fifth in a series of stories entitled: "What is a Presbyterian Elder?"

According to the Book of Order, elders have responsibilities that are rather broadly defined: "Together with ministers of the Word and Sacrament, they exercise leadership, government and discipline and have responsibilities for the life of a particular church as well as the church at large, including ecumenical relationships. They shall serve faithfully as members of the session" (G-.0302).

U.S. group says religious minorities face heightened discrimination in Iran

(ENI) A U.S. religious freedom watchdog commission says it is "deeply concerned" about what it calls a worsening situation for religious minorities in Iran.

The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom was created in 1998 by the U.S. Congress to monitor the status of freedom of thought and of religious practice outside the United States. It provides independent policy recommendations to the U.S. government.

Michael Cromartie, the commission chairman, said the current pattern of rhetoric in Iran is similar to that heard during the early years of the Iranian revolution which, he said, ushered in years of severe human-rights violations against members of non-Islamic religious minorities, particularly the Baha'i community.

New organization formed to urge repeal of divestment

A new Presbyterian affinity group--the Committee to End Divestment Now--has organized around an effort "to correct" what they believe was a mistake made in 2004 by the 216th General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)

They are seeking repeal of the resolution calling for "a process of phased selective divestment in multinational corporations operating in Israel." That repeal could occur at the 217^th General Assembly this June.

The Committee to End Divestment Now (CEDN) is not a typical Presbyterian affinity group organized along traditional lines, such as conservative/liberal, according to organizers. It also has limited scope and duration. It doesn't plan to continue once General Assembly concludes.

Foreign policy think tank begins initiative on religion

(RNS) With help from a former secretary of state, an influential think tank focusing on foreign relations has launched a new initiative that will study and explain the role religion plays in foreign policy.

The Council on Foreign Relations, with offices in New York City and Washington, designed the plan to expand on its existing foreign policy and religion lectures and roundtable talks. Workshops are being developed to bring religious figures together with influential foreign policy thinkers.

The effort's advisory committee includes former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.

The initiative comes at a time when religion is playing a major role in the decisions of diplomats throughout the world. Tensions rose worldwide after Danish political cartoons lampooned the Muslim Prophet Muhammad, and conflict between Shiite and Sunni Muslims is having a profound impact on U.S. foreign policy in Iraq.

2006-2008 budget cuts will total $9.15 million

LOUISVILLE -- The General Assembly mission budgets must be reduced by a total of $9.15 million between now and 2008, General Assembly Council (GAC) leaders announced on March 14.

A total of $2.7 million has to come out of the unrestricted 2006 budget, and $3.51 million more from the 2007-2008 mission budget. In addition, the restricted portion of the 2007-2008 budget must be reduced by $2.94 million.

The current mission budget -- unrestricted and restricted -- is $113.9 million. The GAC will vote on the budgets during its April 26-29 meeting.

Staff cuts resulting from the budget reductions will probably be announced on May 1.

This is clearly part of a longer trend in the church and probably most churches," GAC Executive Director John Detterick told the Presbyterian News Service in a March 15 interview. "Presbyterians are funding mission differently -- they are giving to their churches in larger amounts, but are more directly involved both in activity and funding."

The 2006 cuts are based on declining unrestricted giving by Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) congregations and presbyteries. Unrestricted receipts in 2005 were $13.9 million -- $2.1 million less than the $16 million budgeted. The 2006 budget, also of $16 million, has been revised to $13.3 million

“Empathetic” listening, prayer needed on divestment, moderator tells GAC

LOUISVILLE -- Rick Ufford-Chase, moderator of the 216^th General Assembly, is challenging the General Assembly Council to do some hard thinking and praying over the next two months about divestment -- warning that to approach the next General Assembly without a clear message about divestment would be a mistake.

Already, Ufford-Chase said, the overtures about divestiture are pouring in -- many in direct response to the action of the 2004 assembly, which voted to have the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) pursue a policy of selective, phased divestment in some companies doing business in Israel.  That assembly wanted to take a stand regarding Israel's treatment of the Palestinian people, the building of the security barrier and Israel's occupation of the West Bank and Gaza.

But the response was strong and largely unanticipated -- the assembly's divestment vote proved hugely controversial.

Some of the overtures say  "divestment was a disaster -- we should rescind it immediately," Ufford said. Others say, "It was exactly the right thing to do."  And some aim for the middle, saying "we understand the intent of divestment," and perhaps in some way we can shift it more towards positive investment in the Middle East, he said.

Charitable corporation idea tabled to April GAC; too late for GA consideration

LOUISVILLE -- A proposal to create a new charitable corporation -- which advocates say could give Presbyterian Disaster Assistance more visibility, flexibility and accountability in responding to disasters and human suffering -- ran smack into a flock of questions and was put off.

That appears to mean the 2006 General Assembly will not be able to take action on this and that a move to create a nonprofit disaster and relief corporation would have to be put off until the next assembly, in 2008.

The council voted to postpone action on creating the corporation until its meeting April 26-29. But that would be too late, according to Clifton Kirkpatrick, stated clerk of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), to meet the 120-day advance deadline for presenting items of major business to this year's assembly.

During their discussion Feb. 11, several members of the General Assembly Council said they support the idea of creating the corporation, but had too many questions about how it would be structured and governed to feel comfortable moving so quickly.

"This isn't about trust. It isn't about not wanting to change," said Michael Kruse of Missouri. "It's about wanting to change and to do it well."

Kruse added: "It's a mistake to rush ahead and create possibly more havoc."

But others said that to wait is to mean the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) would not be as effective and compassionate as it could be in responding to the world's great needs.

GAC discussion on hiring ACSWP director opens debate on wider issues

LOUISVILLE -- Often, disagreements in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) get hashed out privately, in the corridors or behind closed doors.

At the General Assembly Council meeting Feb. 11, one blew up in public.

The exact issue being voted on had to do with the procedure the church should follow when it hires a coordinator for the work of the Advisory Committee on Social Witness Policy.

One underlying issue is how much freedom that committee should have -- a recognition that sometimes, recommending social policy for the denomination on issues such as abortion or the environment or war can be controversial and sometimes unpopular work. As a result, a certain amount of independence for that committee has been written into the denomination's rules.

And there is still lingering tension floating through the denomination over a controversial trip the advisory committee took to the Middle East in the fall of 2004, which included a visit with Hezbollah that drew international headlines and led to the firings of two people from the PC(USA)'s national staff.

None of that was discussed directly at this council meeting.

Muslim-Americans defend free speech despite ‘blasphemous’ cartoons

©Religion News Service

Cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad as a terrorist and misogynist have offended Muslims in the United States as they have Muslims worldwide. But the debate raging among Muslim-Americans on college campuses, the Internet and in Islamic media has its own unique flavor because of this country's constitutional commitment to free speech.

American Muslims are adamant in their support of exercising their First Amendment right to protest the drawings through boycotts and other peaceful means, but many are embarrassed by the torching of European embassies in the Middle East and other forms of violence that have accompanied some demonstrations.

Because the cartoons constitute what he considers hate speech, the issue is not "black and white," said Junaid Ahmad, a student at the College of William and Mary's Marshall-Wythe Law School in Williamsburg, Va., who is active in national Muslim organizations. "This is not just a matter of being for freedom of speech and against freedom of speech," Ahmad said. "The first thing we should realize is that Muslims don't accept the basic framework. The principal issue here is not freedom of speech, but the Islamophobic context in which such a caricaturing of the prophet is taking place. I think that's the issue here."

Nevertheless, Ahmad said he was against laws restricting such speech. "You can't give the state too much power. It's better to fight hate not through laws but education and community organizing and activism."

Reflections from the theological center

Editor's Note: The following essay is one in a series dealing with topics of interest and importance as Presbyterians prepare for the 217th General Assembly this June in Birmingham, Ala. Author Johnson explains: "The report from the General Assembly Task Force on Peace, Unity, and Purity of the Church provides us both the occasion and the urgency for theological dialogue within the PC(USA.) This and succeeding essays are offered as a constructive effort in that direction."

The New Testament invites us to be "rightly dividing the word of truth" (II Tim. 2:15, KJV). Sometimes it seems like the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) has taken this to mean "just divide" in a win-lose strategy, winner take all. I believe the time has come to explore alternative ways to move ahead without compromising the Gospel or pursuing a win-lose approach.

The first issue to raise: Jesus Christ as the means of our salvation. Both Scripture and the Presbyterian confessions expound at length how Jesus Christ saves us from our sins and sinfulness. He is the expiation for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world (I John 2:2.) The atoning work of Jesus Christ was accomplished by his life and ministry among people, his teachings, his death on the cross, and his resurrection. I will deal with particular theories of atonement in a later essay.

The question often put to Christ's atoning work is whether Jesus is the only means of our salvation or whether he is one means of salvation among many by which God saves sinners. This question has sharply divided Presbyterians for at least several decades. In 2001 the 213th General Assembly (meeting in Louisville, Ky.) commissioned its Office of Theology and Worship to address the issue. They produced the excellent short treatise, "Hope In The Lord Jesus Christ." Hope ably surveys the creeds and confessions of the PC(USA) and reaffirms the centrality of Jesus Christ for the Gospel, hence for Presbyterians.

Budget realities, per capita rates discussed as GAC begins meetings

LOUISVILLE -- The per capita rate for the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) would rise 15 cents in 2007 and would stay at that rate in 2008, if the General Assembly approves a recommendation coming its way.

That change, if approved, would set the per capita rate at $5.72 per active member for both 2007 and 2008, compared with $5.57 per member now.

Despite that proposed increase, however, there won't be enough money to go around. Both the Office of the General Assembly and the General Assembly Council "faced the reality that major reductions would be necessary unless there was a very substantial increase in the per capita rate, which we determined would create a very real hardship for the church," a joint report to the council and to the Committee on the Office states.

So a lower rate of increase was proposed, and both the Office of the General Assembly and the council "are making major reductions in expenditures for the next two years," the report states.

The per capita budget being proposed for 2007, at $12.4 million, and for 2008, at $14.9 million, will be slightly less than the 2005-2006 budget, even with inflation and some necessary additional costs. So cuts are coming from other areas, including staffing levels, ecumenical expenses and funding for the Presbyterian Historical Society.

GAC discussing spinning off PDA into separate corporation

LOUISVILLE -- At first, it may seem like legal ho-hum, not a question to ignite much passion. Should three church programs, including Presbyterian Disaster Assistance, be spun off into a separate corporation?

But for the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A), there's a lot at stake in the answer including a public tussle at the General Assembly Council over what to do, and the bigger issue this discussion raises over what the PC(USA) will look like in the future.

Church of England disinvests, citing Israel’s “illegal occupation”

(RNS) The Church of England has voted to pull its investments out of companies, including the U.S. machinery giant Caterpillar Inc., that it claims are profiting from Israel's "illegal occupation" of Palestinian territory.

The surprise action came Feb. 6 at the behest of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East. It was approved overwhelmingly by the Church's general synod and appears to target the 2.2 million-pound ($3.92 million) holdings it has in Caterpillar. The holdings in Caterpillar are part of the Church of England's overall share portfolio that published figures put at $1.6 billion.